create table gps ( 
   train          integer 
 , gpstimestamp   timestamp with time zone 
 , geom           sdo_geometry 
)

insert into gps 
select 
   -- Train 1 travels 1 unit per second in Z direction only 
   1 
 , timestamp '2020-01-01 00:00:00' + numtodsinterval(level, 'second') 
 , sdo_geometry(3001, null, sdo_point_type(1, 1,  level), null, null) 
from dual 
connect by level <= 100 
union all 
select 
   -- Train 2 travels diagonally in X/Y/Z direction 
   2 
 , timestamp '2020-01-01 00:00:00' + numtodsinterval(level, 'second') 
 , sdo_geometry(3001, null, sdo_point_type(level, level,  level), null, null) 
from dual 
connect by level <= 100

commit

ORA-22901 should not occur

select 
      train, gpstimestamp, geom 
    , nvl(sdo_geom.sdo_distance(geom, lag(geom) over (partition by train order by gpstimestamp), 0.005), 0) as prev_dist 
   from gps  

this work around is valid

select *
from (
   select
      train, gpstimestamp, geom, prev_dist
   from gps
   match_recognize (
      partition by train
      order by gpstimestamp
      measures
         nvl(sdo_geom.sdo_distance(geom, prev(geom), 0.005), 0) as prev_dist
      all rows per match
      pattern (any_row)
      define
         any_row as 1=1
     )
   )